Instead of giving up or acquiring electrons to achieve a filled outer shell, an atom can achieve a filled outer shell by sharing a pair of Electrons. For example- two fluorine atoms can each attain a filled second shell by sharing their unpaired valence electrons.
A bond formed as a result of sharing electrons between two nuclei is called a covalent bond.
A covalent bond is commonly shown by a solid line rather than as a Pair of dots.
Two hydrogen atoms can form a covalent bond by sharing electrons. As a result of covalent bonding, each hydrogen acquires a stable, filled first shell
Similarly, hydrogen and chlorine can form a covalent bond by sharing electrons. In doing so, hydrogen fills its only shell, and chlorine achieves an outer shell of eight electrons.
We just saw that because hydrogen has one shell electron and chlorine has seven valence electrons, each can achieve a filled outer shell by forming one covalent bond.
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